This publication aims to analyze the economic, social, and cultural phenomena that first appeared in the "era of revolutions" that occurred in the nineteenth to early twentieth centuries. The modern European trend toward tolerance, which is the basis of current social and cultural changes, including in our country, has specific intellectual grounds. The subject of the study was the ideosphere of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, including philosophical, economic, and psychological concepts that gave rise to modern trends in these (...) areas. The result of this study was the determination of the reasons that caused the change of the ideological paradigm in Europe. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that, for the first time, the intellectual foundations of the formation of tolerance as an actual socio-cultural phenomenon are analyzed. This article consistently proves that among the first such grounds, it is possible to determine the emergence of machine production and, as a result, the appearance of a mass person with a culture corresponding to them, performing a compensatory and entertaining function. The most important cultural foundation is mainly the intellectual "background" created by the teachings of Friedrich Nietzsche, Karl Marx, and Sigmund Freud. The ideas of Anglo-American pragmatism played a significant role in forming a new morality, which included the denial of religion and its values, giving it a utilitarian character. During the subsequent historical period and at present, these views have become the basis for the creation of the so-called "individual faith," in which religion ceases to be the guide of human life but only serves the needs of the individual. The desacralization of religion leads to the study of different aspects of sexuality, which opens up the possibility for modern thinking about gender. The concept of "natural law" should also be attributed to the intellectual factors of the formation of modern European tolerance. (shrink)

The historical factors as well as the units of the cultural knowledge which are considered to have provided Chateaubriand’s books, and “The Genius of Christianity” in particular, with the success and the content are the subject of the present article. The following historical reasons which attracted the readers’ attention to the book have been defined: the disappointment of the society with the atheistic ideals of the revolution, the need for religious cult restoring, the authorities’ desire to stop strife in the (...) country and build relationships with Catholic Europe. The semantic content of the work also contributed to its popularity because it responded to the request of finding logic in the religion, had an emotional impact and dealt with the relevant issues of the morality by means of the cultural category of sinfulness. Scientific novelty of the research implies the following: the cultural category of sinfulness objectified in F.R. Chateaubriand’s book “The Genius of Christianity” having been analyzed for the first time as well as the author’s approach to the understanding and cultural information streamlining having been identified. More over cultural-historical factors promoting the book’s prominence among Chateaubriand’s contemporaries have been studied. The author’s using rational way while explaining the basis of the sin, resorting to the strict argumentation and the evidence-based methods, denying religious irrationality have been set. The conducted research has shown the key factors leading to the book’s relevance: the society’s necessity of the religion revival, the authorities’ support of this tendency specified by the political environment. (shrink)

Как обретают историческую генеалогию феномены современной политики и идеологии? Чья память доминирует на многоуровневом имперском и постимперском пространстве и как обеспечивается это доминирование? Ответы на эти вопросы вы узнаете, прочитав книгу.

Academician Gerasimov devoted his presentation to the problem of improvement and protection of the environment. In his opinion, today, when there is a worldwide threat of exhaustion of natural resources, irreversible pollution, poisoning of the environment, and the impossibility of feeding a growing population, questions of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources are becoming not only an important problem for natural science but a serious social and political matter around which an acute ideological struggle is being waged. (...) Certainly it is a real fact that contemporary mankind is encountering a progressive impairment of the world's ecological situation, caused by the ever more intensive utilization of natural resources under the conditions of rapid scientific and technological progress. Therefore, issues of further rational use of natural resources and improvement and protection of the environment are now becoming problems affecting the everyday interests of the entire population of the earth. (shrink)

We consider first-order infinite-valued Łukasiewicz logic and its expansion, first-order rational Pavelka logic RPL∀. From the viewpoint of provability, we compare several Gentzen-type hypersequent calculi for these logics with each other and with Hájek’s Hilbert-type calculi for the same logics. To facilitate comparing previously known calculi for the logics, we define two new analytic calculi for RPL∀ and include them in our comparison. The key part of the comparison is a density elimination proof that introduces no cuts for one of (...) the hypersequent calculi considered. (shrink)

The purpose of the article is to substantiate the main theoretical and methodological provisions of museology as a humanitarian science. Its basic concepts are formulated from idealistic positions, its methodology is defined. As an object, the ideas of a person who creates a museum reality to achieve influence on the consciousness of other people are considered. The idea of a particular museum, realized in objective reality, is defined as the subject. The subject of museology is also the process of realization (...) of ideas – the functioning of museum reality and the process of its perception by visitors. The purpose of the museum is to make certain changes in the consciousness and attitude of another person – a visitor. The methodology of museology as a humanitarian science is based on the method of understanding, which provides comprehension of the ideas underlying the museum. Methods play a special role: communicative and construction. The goals of the museum determine its functions, the most important is the communicative one, it is she who realizes the main goal of the museum – to convey ideas and feelings from the museum employee to the visitor. The ways to achieve the goal may change with changing attitudes in society, while the museums themselves and their functions change. The main factor determining the role and social significance of museums is a person's interest in them, which manifests itself when the ideas embedded in their foundation correspond to the main ideological ideas prevailing in society and help people solve their vital problems. A museum should be relevant only when it plays an important role in the life of society. The next stage in the development of museology as a humanitarian science is its approbation in the course of solving scientific and practical tasks facing a museum employee. (shrink)

First comprehensive introduction to information theory explores the work of Shannon, McMillan, Feinstein, and Khinchin. Topics include the entropy concept in probability theory, fundamental theorems, and other subjects. 1957 edition.

The article is devoted to the philosophy of industrial design as the most important area of aesthetic and engineering activity of people, shaping the appearance of modern society. The object of the study is industrial design, and its subject is the philosophical foundations of industrial design. The goal of the study is to identify the philosophical essence of industrial design in epistemological, ontological and anthropological dimensions. Attention is paid to the historical aspects of industrial design, which allows us to more (...) accurately understand the essence of this phenomenon. The author’ also considered modern industrial design, which in its philosophy is characterized by a strong anti-globalist orientation. It is noted that the philosophical understanding of industrial design contributes to the understanding of the features of its historical development. The main conclusion of the study is that industrial design has a certain philosophical content associated not only with the aesthetic side of reality, but also with its axiological and ethical structure. The epistemological problems of industrial design are important: products act as carriers of certain knowledge and concepts and accumulate the cultural experience of mankind. Anthropological problems of design are associated with the model of a human creator and a human recipient of activity. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the understanding of industrial design, which is a systemic object, developing in space and time. In its existence, this object combines presence and “service”, independent givenness and significance for a person. (shrink)

The subject of this study is a set of alleged contradictions in the development of artificial intelligence, pursued in order to achieve their overcoming. Philosophical anthropology contains the potential to analyze complex interactions, to articulate the problems that arise between artificial intelligence and humans. The philosophical and anthropological analysis of artificial intelligence is aimed at understanding this human phenomenon, human presence and its experience. The article is an attempt to identify and outline the trajectories for the possible resolution of the (...) contradiction in the development of artificial intelligence, the analysis of the parameters proposed by philosophical anthropology to solve their problems in the modern socio-cultural situation. The relevance of the proposed problem arises in the fact that artificial intelligence qualitatively changes the existence of a person, and in philosophical anthropology there is a potential to outline the prospects for the development of artificial intelligence, while preserving the languid human in a person. To study this perspective is very important in society. The novelty of the topic raised in the article is the analysis of solving the problems of artificial intelligence from the standpoint of philosophical anthropology, in the articulation of contradictions in the development of artificial intelligence, in the search for solutions to overcome these contradictions. Philosophical anthropology provides tools for a balanced decision on the development of artificial intelligence, the degree of its impact on human existence. (shrink)

The purpose of the study is to identify the needs of bachelor students of various areas in the field of fine arts in the skills of mastering computer graphics and using its various types in professional activities. The Federal State Educational Standard in the areas of education, general and professional competencies associated with the possession of computer graphics, methods and techniques of work necessary for organizing a holistic process in this discipline are analyzed.

Recently, we have faced the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 in the world, which has attracted the attention of all people. Stress has become a word familiar to all people. The stressors of life are relatively clear and some of them cannot be eliminated by humans. One of the stressors in the life of humans is the COVID-19 pandemic. Doctors believe that the virus is controllable but its prevalence is quicker and deadlier than other viruses. In addition, the virus (...) puts the elderly and those with underlying diseases at extreme risk. Therefore, more care is seriously required to protect members of society. However, this psychological imbalance caused by the virus is associated with stress and anxiety. Lack of proper management of this stress will be associated with emotional impacts, physiological impacts, cognitive impacts and behavioural impact.Contribution: Given the importance of this topic, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between religious beliefs and coping with COVID-19-related stress amongst Muslim students in three cities of Russia – Ingushetia, Chechnya and the Republic of Dagestan – in 2020. Data were collected using questionnaires, the validity and reliability of which were previously confirmed. According to the results, religious beliefs had an impact on stress coping by p = 0.657. In other words, students’ ability to cope with stress improved by 0.657 units, with each unit of enhancement in their religious beliefs. (shrink)

This article discusses the foundation of ideas for Vyacheslav Ivanov’s interpretation of Pushkin’s poem. In The Gypsies, Ivanov sees a conflict between personal freedom and sobornost’ as revealed b...

Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science are devoted to symposia, con gresses, colloquia, monographs and collected papers on the philosophical foundations of the sciences. It is now our pleasure to include A. A. Zi nov'ev's treatise on complex logic among these volumes. Zinov'ev is one of the most creative of modern Soviet logicians, and at the same time an innovative worker on the methodological foundations of science. More over, Zinov'ev, although still a developing scholar, has exerted a sub stantial (...) and stimulating influence upon his colleagues and students in Moscow and within other philosophical and logical circles of the Soviet Union. Hence it may be helpful, in bringing this present work to an English-reading audience, to review briefly some contemporary Soviet investigations into scientific methodology. During the 1950's, a vigorous new research program in logic was under taken, and the initial published work -characteristic of most Soviet pub lications in the logic and methodology of the sciences - was a collection of essays, Logical Investigations (Moscow, 1959). Among the authors, in addition to Zinov'ev himself, were the philosophers A. Kol'man and P. V. Tavanec, and the mathematicians and linguists, S. A. Janovskaja, A. S. Esenin-Vol'pin, S. K. Saumjan, G. N. Povarov. (shrink)